![]() ![]() The particles observed in IP space and near Earth are commonly referred to as solar energetic particles (SEPs). It is widely accepted that protons, electrons, and heavier nuclei such as He-Fe are accelerated from a few keV up to GeV energies in at least two distinct locations, namely the solar flare and the coronal mass ejection (CME)-driven interplanetary (IP) shock. Mitigation strategies for solar radiation storms as well as examples of current SEP forecasting systems are reviewed, in context of the two novel real-time SEP forecasting tools developed within the EU H2020 HESPERIA project.ฤก.1.1 Historical Perspective of Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) Events This is followed by an introduction to why SEPs are studied, describing the risks that SEP events pose on technology and human health. Key open questions on SEP research expected to be answered in view of future missions that will explore the solar corona and inner heliosphere are highlighted. by the Ulysses, ACE, STEREO spacecraft) and their analysis is also presented. Current state-of-the-art based on unique measurements obtained in the 3-dimensional heliosphere (e.g. A historical overview is presented on how SEPs were discovered in the 1940s and how our understanding has increased and evolved since then. ![]() This chapter provides an overview on solar energetic particles (SEPs) and their association to space weather, both from the scientific as well as from the applications perspective. ![]()
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